Answer: 1. a volume named from the wild men of the woods of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

Ted Hughes' poem "Wodwo" was published in 1967 as part of a collection bearing the same name, which was his fourth published collection. The entire collection is regarded as one of Hughes' most challenging works. It is divided into three sections, with the first section featuring poems, the second section consisting of short stories, and the third section returning to poems once more. The poem "Wodwo" holds the position of the final piece within the book, concluding the thematic journey of the collection.

The title comes from the Fourteenth Century poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.(Asked in Exam) Written in Middle English, the poem was Hughes' source of the word 'wodwos', the plural form. It occurs as well in Old English as 'wuduwosa'. The first element, wod, is our modern word "wood"; the wuduwosa is a creature of the forest. The second element is more obscure but may derive from the verb wesan 'to strive or contend'. And so, the wuduwosa would be an enemy in the forest. It is sometimes translated as 'faun' or 'satyr' because Old English scribes used it to gloss those words in Latin texts. The word was commonly used up to the 16th century to describe wild men of the forest, the figure that came to be called the "Green Man" in the early twentieth century. In this passage (used by Hughes as an epitaph to Wodwo) it is translated as "wild troll".

• 1957 - The Hawk in the Rain
• 1960 - Lupercal
• 1967 - Wodwo
• 1970 - Crow: From the Life and the Songs of the Crow
• 1972 - Selected Poems 1957–1967
• 1975 - Cave Birds
• 1977 - Gaudete
• 1979 - Remains of Elmet (with photographs by Fay Godwin)
• 1979 - Moortown
• 1983 - River
• 1986 - Flowers and Insects
• 1989 - Wolfwatching
• 1992 - Rain-charm for the Duchy
• 1994 - New Selected Poems 1957–1994
• 1997 - Tales from Ovid
• 1998 - Birthday Letters

Answer: 1. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Correct Mappings:(Asked in Exam)

• Lions and Shadows -> Christopher Isherwood: At Repton, his boarding school in Derbyshire, Isherwood met his lifelong friend Edward Upward, with whom he invented an imaginary English village called Mortmere, as related in his fictional autobiography, Lions and Shadows (1938).
• Translation of Agamemnon -> Louis MacNeice: The Agamemnon of Aeschylus was translated by Louis MacNeice.
• The Sea and the Mirror -> W.H. Auden: "The Sea and the Mirror: A Commentary on Shakespeare's The Tempest" is a long poem by W.H. Auden, written 1942–44, and first published in 1944. Auden regarded the work as “my Ars Poetica, in the same way I believe The Tempest to have been Shakespeare’s.”
• The Still Centre -> Stephen Spender: Published in 1939 as part of Spender's major poetry collections.

Twenty Poems (1930), Poems (1933), Vienna (1934), The Still Centre (1939), Ruins and Visions (1942), Spiritual Exercises (1943), Poems of Dedication (1947), The Edge of Being (1949), Collected Poems 1928–1953 (1955), Selected Poems (1965), The Express (1966), The Generous Days (1971), Selected Poems (1974), Recent Poems (1978), Collected Poems 1928–1985 (1986), Dolphins (1994), New Collected Poems (2004).

Answer: 2. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Correct Mappings:(Asked in Exam)

• George Orwell -> Down and Out in Paris and London: Published in 1933, this is George Orwell's debut full-length work. It is a memoir divided into two parts that explores the theme of poverty, aiming to shed light on the plight of the poor to a middle- and upper-class readership.
• Daniel Defoe -> A Journal of the Plague Year: First published in March 1722. It serves as an account of one individual's experiences during the Great Plague of London in 1665, offering insights into the last major outbreak of the bubonic plague in the city.
• Graham Greene -> A Sort of Life: Published in 1971, this is the first instalment of Graham Greene's autobiography, delving into his personal life and providing an intimate look into his early years.
• Doris Lessing -> The Grass Is Singing: Lessing's inaugural novel published in 1950, set in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) during the 1940s. It explores the complex racial dynamics between white and black communities within the British colony.

Answer: 3. A, D and E

William Faulkner wrote Sanctuary (1931), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936).(Asked in Exam)

William Faulkner (1897-1962), was an American novelist and short-story writer who was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature. Sanctuary is a 1931 novel about the rape and abduction of an upper-class Mississippi college girl, Temple Drake, during the Prohibition era. The novel was Faulkner's commercial and critical breakthrough and established his literary reputation, but it was controversial given its themes.

Major Works by William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Sanctuary (1931), Light in August (1932), Absalom, Absalom! (1936), The Wild Palms (1939), Go Down, Moses (1942), Intruder in the Dust (1948), A Fable (1954), The Reivers (1962).

Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) was an American author, anthropologist, and filmmaker. She portrayed racial struggles in the early-1900s American South. Colour Struck is a play by Zora Neale Hurston, originally published in 1926 in Fire!! magazine. It won second prize in Opportunity Magazine's literary contest.

Khalil Gibran (1883-1931) was a Lebanese-American philosophical essayist, novelist, poet, and artist. He is best known as the author of The Prophet (1923). Sand and Foam was published in 1926, and Jesus, the Son of Man in 1928.

Answer: 3. A, C and E

Notable figures who have held the Oxford Professor of Poetry Chair include Seamus Heaney (1989-1994), James Fenton (1994-1999), and Paul Muldoon (1999-2004).(Asked in Exam)

The University of Oxford holds an esteemed academic position known as the Professor of Poetry, which was established in 1708 through a generous endowment from Henry Birkhead's estate. Those appointed to this prestigious chair have certain responsibilities, including delivering an inaugural lecture, giving public lectures each term on relevant literary topics, organising additional events like poetry readings or workshops, and delivering the Creweian Oration at Encaenia every other year.

They also participate as judges for various literary prizes, such as the Newdigate Prize, the Jon Stallworthy Prize, the Lord Alfred Douglas Prize, and the Chancellor's English Essay Prize. Furthermore, they help judge the English poem on a sacred subject prize every third year and actively promote the art of poetry within the University.

Other recent holders include Christopher Ricks (2004–2009), Geoffrey Hill (2010–2015), and Simon Armitage (elected 2015).

Answer: 4. Rita Dove

Rita Dove (b. 1952) was NOT a member of the Beat Generation; she is an American poet and writer who was the first African American to serve as poet laureate of the United States (1993–95).(Asked in Exam)

The Beat movement, also known as the Beat Generation, emerged in the 1950s in bohemian artist communities like San Francisco's North Beach, Los Angeles' Venice West, and New York City's Greenwich Village. The self-proclaimed "beat" individuals, often referred to as "beatniks," sought to express their alienation from mainstream society.

They adopted a unique style, influenced by jazz musicians, and used "hip" vocabulary. Their aim was to find personal release, purification, and enlightenment through heightened sensory experiences, including drugs, jazz, sex, and Zen Buddhism. The movement produced a number of significant writers, including:

• Allen Ginsberg: Howl (1956)
• William S. Burroughs: Naked Lunch (1959)
• Jack Kerouac: On the Road (1957)
• Other Key Figures: Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Philip Whalen, Gary Snyder, LeRoi Jones

Answer: 2. A and D

Donald Davie and Philip Larkin were central figures in The Movement.(Asked in Exam)

"The Movement" was a term coined in 1954 by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, to describe a group of writers including Philip Larkin, Kingsley Amis, Donald Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn and Robert Conquest. The Movement was quintessentially English in character; poets from other parts of the United Kingdom were not involved.

Imagism (Hilda Doolittle): Imagism was a movement in early-20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favoured precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. It rejected the sentiment typical of Romantic and Victorian poetry. Key figures included Ezra Pound, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), Amy Lowell, and William Carlos Williams.

Derek Walcott (1930-2017): A West Indian poet and playwright noted for works that explore the Caribbean cultural experience. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1992.

Michael Longley: An Anglo-Irish poet.

Answer: 4. B, D, and E

F.R. Leavis, I.A. Richards, and William Empson are the foundational figures of Cambridge Criticism.(Asked in Exam)

Cambridge Criticism is a literary theory school that emerged during the 1920s and exerted significant influence on English literary studies. Founded by I. A. Richards and F.R. Leavis, this approach focuses on the close examination of literary texts and explores the connections between literature and societal issues. It has been characterised as Puritan in nature due to its reluctance to view literature solely for entertainment purposes.

The origin is associated with Richards' books: Principles of Literary Criticism (1924) and Practical Criticism (1929). William Empson, a prominent figure in Cambridge Criticism, is known for his book Seven Types of Ambiguity, which delves into the linguistic ambiguity found in English poetic literature.

New Criticism was a formalist literary theory movement dominant in American literary criticism during the mid-20th century. It emphasised close reading of poetry to analyse how literary work functions as a self-contained and self-referential aesthetic object. Derived from John Crowe Ransom's book The New Criticism (1941).

The work of Cambridge scholar I. A. Richards significantly influenced the development of New Critical methodology. Additionally, the critical essays of T. S. Eliot, such as "Tradition and the Individual Talent" and "Hamlet and His Problems," played a pivotal role in shaping the New Critical canon with notions of "impersonality" and "objective correlative."

Answer: 4. B, C, and E

Key facts about the Frankfurt School: T.W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer were core members; it established the term "Critical Theory"; and it was forced into exile following the rise of Nazism in 1933.(Asked in Exam)

The Frankfurt School was a group of researchers associated with the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It was founded by Carl Grünberg in 1923 (not 1925) as an adjunct of the University of Frankfurt; it was the first Marxist-oriented research centre affiliated with a major German university. Max Horkheimer took over as director in 1930 and recruited many talented theorists, including T.W. Adorno, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, and Walter Benjamin.

The members tried to develop a theory of society based on Marxism and Hegelian philosophy but also utilised the insights of psychoanalysis, sociology, and existential philosophy. This approach, which became known as “critical theory,” yielded influential critiques of large corporations, monopolies, the role of technology, the industrialisation of culture, and the decline of the individual within capitalist society.

Most of the institute’s scholars were forced to leave Germany after Adolf Hitler’s accession to power in 1933, and many found refuge in the United States. The scholars were especially influenced by the Communists' failed German Revolution of 1918–19 and by the rise of Nazism.