Answer: 2. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Correct Mappings:(Asked in Exam)

• I. Aristotle - Catharsis: In his work "Poetics," Aristotle introduced the concept of catharsis, which refers to the emotional release or purification experienced by the audience of a tragedy. According to Aristotle, through witnessing the suffering and downfall of tragic characters, audiences experience a cathartic purging of their own emotions. Catharsis allows for a psychological and emotional transformation, providing a sense of relief and a heightened understanding of the human condition.
• II. Matthew Arnold - Sweetness and Light: Matthew Arnold, a prominent Victorian critic, advocated for the pursuit of "sweetness and light" in his essay "Culture and Anarchy." He believed that true culture, achieved through education and intellectual development, could lead to the harmonious progress of society. "Sweetness" represents the aesthetic and artistic aspects of culture, while "light" refers to rational and intellectual enlightenment.
• III. T.S. Eliot - The Individual Talent: T.S. Eliot, in his influential essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent," discusses the role of the individual poet in relation to literary tradition. Eliot argues that the poet's creative expression is shaped by the collective wisdom of the past, and true originality emerges from the assimilation and transformation of that tradition.
• IV. Philip Sidney - Response to Stephen Gosson: Philip Sidney, in his critical work "An Apology for Poetry," responds to the attacks on poetry made by Stephen Gosson. Gosson criticised poetry for its alleged moral corruption and lack of educational value. In his response, Sidney defends poetry as a noble art form that holds the power to inspire and educate through imaginative storytelling.

Answer: 2. B, A, C, D, E

Answer: 1. King James I

Francis Bacon dedicated "The Advancement of Learning" to King James I.(Asked in Exam)

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was a renowned English philosopher and statesman who held prominent positions such as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England during the reign of King James I. His contributions spanned the realms of natural philosophy and the scientific method, making him a leading figure in the advancement of knowledge during the Scientific Revolution.

One of his influential works is "The Advancement of Learning" (1605), which provided a framework for the taxonomic structure later adopted by the highly influential Encyclopédie by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot. Notably, Bacon's book stands as a pioneering essay in support of empirical philosophy, leaving a lasting impact on the development of knowledge and understanding.

Answer: 3. 1651

Thomas Hobbes's philosophical tract Leviathan was first published in 1651.(Asked in Exam)

Leviathan is the magnum opus of Thomas Hobbes, a prominent early-modern English philosopher, scientist, and ethicist. This significant work is titled Leviathan, or, The Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil. Hobbes developed his political philosophy in this book, building upon ideas presented in his earlier work, De Cive (1642).

Hobbes's political theory revolves around the concept of collective security, viewing government as a means to ensure the safety and well-being of society. He proposes that political authority is justified through a hypothetical social contract among the people, granting power to a sovereign (whether a monarch, legislature or other form of political authority). This sovereign becomes responsible for the protection and welfare of all citizens.

Leviathan had a profound impact on subsequent philosophers who embraced the social-contract framework, including renowned thinkers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant.

Answer: 2. A, C and E

John Dennis wrote The Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry, The Grounds of Criticism in Poetry, and An Essay on the Genius and Writings of Shakespeare.(Asked in Exam)

John Dennis (1657-1734) was an English critic and dramatist.

Major essays:

• Remarks ... (1696), on Blackmore's epic of Prince Arthur.
• The Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry (1701), perhaps his most important work.
• The Grounds of Criticism in Poetry (1704), in which he argued that the ancients owed their superiority over the moderns in poetry to their religious attitude.
• Essay on the Genius and Writings of Shakespeare in Three Letters (1712).

The Conscious Lovers is a sentimental comedy written in five acts by the Irish author Richard Steele. It appeared on stage on 7 November 1722.

The Christian Hero is a 1735 tragedy by the British writer George Lillo. It is based on the life of Skanderbeg, who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth century.

Answer: 4. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.

Statement 1 is true(Asked in Exam) because criticism indeed involves making judgments about the positive or negative qualities of someone or something. When critics analyze a work of art, literature, or any subject matter, they evaluate its strengths and weaknesses and provide their judgement about its overall value or quality.

Statement 2 is also true(Asked in Exam) because criticism can take various forms depending on the approach and purpose of the critic. The different types of criticism mentioned - theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, and descriptive - represent various approaches and methodologies that critics use to analyse and evaluate the subject matter.

Therefore, both statements are true as they accurately describe the nature and diversity of criticism.

Answer: 2. Lisideius

Lisideius maintains that French drama is better than English drama in Dryden's essay.(Asked in Exam)

In 1668, Dryden published Of Dramatick Poesie, an Essay, a leisurely discussion between four contemporary writers of whom Dryden (as Neander) is one. This work is a defence of English drama against the champions of both ancient Classical drama and the Neoclassical French theatre; it is also an attempt to discover general principles of dramatic criticism.

The four men debate a series of three topics:

• 1. The relative merit of classical drama (upheld by Crites) vs. modern drama (championed by Eugenius);
• 2. Whether French drama, as Lisideius maintains, is better than English drama (supported by Neander, who famously calls Shakespeare "the greatest soul, ancient or modern");
• 3. Whether plays in rhyme are an improvement upon blank verse drama—a proposition that Neander now advances against the sceptical Crites.

Answer: 1. A, D, E, C, B