Answer: 3. Geneva

Course in General Linguistics is a book compiled by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye from notes on lectures given by Ferdinand de Saussure at the University of Geneva between 1906 and 1911.(Asked in Exam)

It was published in 1916, after Saussure's death, and is generally regarded as the starting point of structural linguistics, an approach to linguistics that was established in the first half of the 20th century by the Prague linguistic circle.

Answer: 1. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Assertion (A) states that the experience of homosexuality in a homophobic culture is not the same for whites and blacks. This assertion is correct(Asked in Exam) because race and culture can significantly impact how individuals experience and navigate their sexuality, including their experiences of homophobia.

Reason (R) provides the correct explanation for Assertion (A).(Asked in Exam) It states that sexuality and sexual identity are experienced differently by whites and blacks. This reason is also correct because individuals from different racial and cultural backgrounds often face unique challenges and perceptions related to their sexual orientation and identity.

In summary, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) correctly explains why the experience of homosexuality in a homophobic culture can differ between whites and blacks.

Answer: 3. Image-Music-Text

Image-Music-Text is a collection of essays by Roland Barthes, not Edward Said.(Asked in Exam)

Said's first published book, Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography (1966), was an expansion of his doctoral dissertation. Abdirahman Hussein stated that Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness was "foundational to Said's entire career and project". In Beginnings: Intention and Method (1974), Said analysed the theoretical bases of literary criticism by drawing on Vico, Valéry, Nietzsche, de Saussure, Lévi-Strauss, Husserl, and Foucault.

Later cultural and literary works include:

• The World, the Text, and the Critic (1983)
• Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature: Yeats and Decolonization (1988)
• Culture and Imperialism (1993)
• Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures (1994)
• Humanism and Democratic Criticism (2004)
• On Late Style (2006)

Works regarding Israel and Palestine:

In the essay "Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims" (1979), Said argued in favour of the political legitimacy and philosophic authenticity of the Zionist claims and right to a Jewish homeland; and for the inherent right of national self-determination of the Palestinian people. His books on this topic include:

• The Question of Palestine (1979)
• The Politics of Dispossession (1994)
• The End of the Peace Process (2000)

Answer: 3. A person's posture, speech and mental habit of perception, classification, appreciation, feeling and action.

In Pierre Bourdieu's sociological studies, the term "habitus" refers to a person's posture, speech, and mental habits of perception, classification, appreciation, feeling, and action.(Asked in Exam)

Bourdieu's theory of action revolves around the concept of habitus, which has had a significant impact on the social sciences. This theory aims to demonstrate that individuals develop strategies that align with the social structures of the worlds they inhabit, and these strategies operate on an unconscious level with bodily logic.

According to Bourdieu, each distinct field in modern society (such as the economy, politics, arts, journalism, bureaucracy, science, or education) generates specific social relations in which individuals engage in their daily practices. Through these practices, individuals develop a disposition for social action that is shaped by their position in the field. This disposition ultimately forms a system of lasting acquired schemes of perception, thought, and action known as habitus.

Habitus shares some similarities with existing sociological concepts like socialisation but differs in important ways. One key aspect is its embodiment: habitus operates not only at the level of explicit, discursive consciousness but also at a deeper, more practical, and often pre-reflexive level. It becomes embodied and influences actions on a physical level. An analogy can be drawn to muscle memory; in this sense, habitus aligns with Anthony Giddens' concept of practical consciousness.

Answer: 3. A is correct, but R is not correct.

Assertion (A) states that scholars in the field of cultural studies argue that culture is not primarily focused on aesthetics or humanism but rather has a political emphasis. This is correct.(Asked in Exam) This means that cultural studies examine culture from a political perspective, considering power dynamics, social structures, and ideological influences.

Reason (R) suggests that the implication is that cultural studies focus on studying "high art" and the elevated literary canon. This is incorrect.(Asked in Exam) Cultural studies do not prioritise or limit their scope to high art or canonical literary works. It encompasses a broader range of cultural phenomena, including popular culture, media, everyday practices, and social movements.

Therefore, while Assertion (A) is correct in stating that cultural studies emphasise the political aspect of culture, Reason (R) is not correct as it misinterprets the object of study in the discipline.

Answer: 2. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)

Correct Mappings:(Asked in Exam)

• Antonio Gramsci -> Hegemony: Originates from the Greek term meaning "dominance over." Its application in political analysis was extensively discussed by Italian politician and Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci.
• Pierre Bourdieu -> Cultural capital: Encompasses the social assets of an individual (education, intellect, speech style) promoting social mobility. Coined by Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron in 1977.
• Dick Hebdige -> Subculture: Author of "Subculture: The Meaning of Style" (1979), focusing on postwar youth subculture styles in Britain as symbolic forms of resistance.
• Raymond Williams -> Popular Culture: Left-wing literary critic whose work formed the roots of Cultural Materialism, heavily analyzing Popular culture (mass culture) which encompasses the practices, beliefs, and artistic output recognized by society.

Answer: 4. D, B, E, C, A

These events had significant impacts on literary criticism and theory in various ways:

Answer: 1. the boundaries between animal, human and machine are breaking down.

"A Cyborg Manifesto" is an essay written by Donna Haraway and published in 1985 in the Socialist Review (US).(Asked in Exam)

In it, the concept of the cyborg represents a rejection of rigid boundaries, notably those separating "human" from "animal" and "human" from "machine."

"The cyborg does not dream of community on the model of the organic family, this time without the oedipal project. The cyborg would not recognize the Garden of Eden; it is not made of mud and cannot dream of returning to dust."

Answer: 4. 1985

Political Shakespeare was published in 1985.(Asked in Exam)

Jonathan Dollimore is the author of four academic books, a memoir, and numerous academic articles. With Alan Sinfield, he was the co-editor of and key contributor to Political Shakespeare and the co-originator of the critical practice known as cultural materialism.

Dollimore is credited with making major interventions in debates on sexuality and desire, Renaissance literary culture, art and censorship, and cultural theory.